ࡱ> 6( /0(  0;[0 0 000$([\{b00 000000000  0=] 0 0 0000 2 3 !A0C0E0G0I0c00000000000000000!%),.:;?]}acdeghijklmnop0DTimes New Roman0Wo 0DDMonotype Sorts0Wo 0 DImpacte Sorts0Wo 0D"0DAriale Sorts0Wo 0D" ` .@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@`` ZR<C C  + !*   *  %%#$ %&)*+,/01234''-579;=!?A "(.68:<>@B 0e0e     A1 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E|| }W2pjb7@ g4AdAd0ppp@ <4BdBd 0Lpuʚ;2Nʚ;<4!d!dЁ 0<4ddddЁ 0:2___PPT9/ 0? %&U" Chapter 2 P6Using Information Technology for Competitive Advantage77$V#What is a Firm?Physical System Closed-loop Controlled by management Uses feedback to ensure objectives met Open because of environmental interaction Managed through use of a conceptual system 6v,v,W$Importance of EnvironmentVery reason for a firm s existence Firm takes resources from environment, transforms them, and returns goods and services to environment X%  Y&:The Firm Is Connected to Its Environment by Resource Flows;;Physical and conceptual Some flows are major Some should not occur at all All resources that enter the firm from the environment eventually return to the environment}7Competitive AdvantageComputer field perspective Use of information to gain leverage in marketplace Relies on more than physical resources Addressed with strategic objectives 6Z%Z%[(\)Z'The Information ResourcesTwo views of information management 1. Manage data by implementing computer-based database management systems (DBMS) 2. Manage resources that produce the information"$$]*The Information Resources ^+,The Information Resource Manager -- the CIO -+Chief Information Officer (CIO) is not simply a title, but role Manager of information services Contributes managerial skills Solves information resources problems Solves problems in other areas of firm s operations &[[_,The CIO AttitudeThe business is what counts Build partnerships/ties with the rest of the firm Improve basic business processes Communicate in business terms, not IS jargon Provide reliable IS services Be positive, not defensive~8Strategic PlanningLong-range planning Intends to give firm most favorable position in its environment Specifies strategies for achieving objectives Need for each business area to create its own strategic plan6n=n=a.  c0Strategy Set Transformation @'Strategy Set Transformation: Basic Flaw('`Business areas do not always have the resources to ensure accomplishment of strategic objectivesb/SPIRStrategy set transformation; support the firm s objectives Strategic planning for information resources (SPIR) develops firm and IS strategic plans concurrently SPIR content 1. What is to be achieved 2. What will be requiredb 5;3&  5d1  92Strategic Plan Framework for Information Resources32e26The Strategic Implications of End-User Computing (EUC)77:Levels of end users in terms of capabilities menu-level end users command-level end users end-user programmers functional support personnel EUC application considerations shifts workload so that end-users and information specialists talents are better used reduces communications gapL._r._rf3 EUC Risks Poorly aimed systems Poorly designed/ documented systems Inefficient use of information resources Loss of data integrity Loss of security Loss of control:/Information Resources Management (IRM) Concept0/Realization that firm s information resources go far beyond the information itself Activity pursued by managers at all levels Identifying, acquiring, and managing information resources needed to satisfy information needsg4IRM - Required ElementsA recognition that competitive advantage can be achieved by means of superior information resources A recognition that information services is a major functional area A recognition that the CIO is a top-level executive h5 IRM-Required Ingredients (cont.)!!A consideration of the firm s information resources when engaging in strategic planning A formal strategic plan for information resources A strategy for stimulating and managing end-user computingi6  ;IRM Model: Firm EnvironmentProvides setting for achieving competitive advantage Executives are aware of need to manage resource flows to meet needs of environmental elements<8IRM Model: Firm s ExecutivesMIncludes CIO Guides firm toward objectives Key activity is strategic planning=IRM Model: Business AreasInformation services is a major business area Each area develops own strategic plans One business area strategic plan is for information resources> IRM Model: Information Resources! Strategic plan for information resources details acquisition and management Information resources Centralized Dispersed throughout firm&b&b&?IRM Model: UsersgDetails data and information flows between resources and users Some users engage in end-user computing ASummary Environment of a firm consists of eight elements Firms attempt to achieve competitive advantage Margin - value of products and services over cost Value chain Information resources Hardware, software, facilities, database, information specialists, information, and usersL`>Z`>ZBSummary [cont.]Executives perform strategic planning SPIR All firm s managers need to engage in IRM Recent revelation Integrating conceptL&*&&*&/j!k"l#m$n%o&p'q(r)t+u,v-w.x/y0z1{2|3456789:;<=>?@AP  ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@,?nKd@   d @nA`  d n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> |(  8 1 1  S BC1DEF &L1?Z B 0Z @1  S BB C DEF&L1?rA r @\   S B+ C DEF&L1?v*  v @   S BCIDEF&L1??H\ @ I   `xaxa1 ?  T Click to edit Master title style! !@  Zdxaxa1 ?  RClick to edit Master text styles Second Level Third Level Fourth Level Fifth Level!     ST  <W2}d޽h ? XVEZ(a PrenticeHall 0 [S`(  A  Z8xaxa1 ? @  SClick to edit Master notes styles Second Level Third Level Fourth Level Fifth Level"     Tp  01 ?   B  s *޽h ? a( 0 0(   B  s *޽h ? a(m !  $(  $d $ <1?``d $ <1?` $ 3 rxaxa1 ?    $ C xxaxa1 ? `     $ Zxaxa1?W S#Copyright 2001, Prentice-Hall, Inc.$$  $ Z xaxa1?)l |HMANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E Raymond McLeod, Jr. and George SchellII $ Z1?N f2-*H $ 0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a 4 p,(( " \lji ,x , c $(   x , c $   , Zd1?N f2-*H , 0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a 5 0(( hii 0x 0 c $l   x 0 c $D   0 Z/1?N f2-*H 0 0޽h ? ̙33 " %)4( ޽h 4d 4 <1?``d 4 <1?` 4 Z?xaxa1?p MSociety*F   4   4 c BCDEF &L1?= ) = @  4 c B) C| DEF&L1?o( p { o @V|   4 c B C DEF&L1?q  q @{   4 c BC7DEF&L1?/6Y @ 7^2 4 6{I1?bl^2 4 6{I1?v+^2 4 6{I1?tl^2 4 6{I1?5 ^2 4 6{I1?e ^2 4 6{I1?} ^2 4 6{I1?|} ^2 4 6{I1? FF 3< e 4 <3 e 4 ZGxaxa1?3< M Financial&   4 ZKxaxa1?3  e ? Community  4 ZPxaxa1?~  @ Government  F )s 4 )s 4 ZSxaxa1?)G K Global&  4 ZWxaxa1?).s ? Community  4 ZRxaxa1?[Z  ? Suppliers  4 T_xaxa1?   @The Firm  (F    4     4 Z(cxaxa1?   ;Labor !4 Zexaxa1?   <unionsF  f "4   f #4 Zhxaxa1? f B Stockholders  $4 Z mxaxa1?   A or owners  %4 Zdqxaxa1?Z  ? Customers  &4 Zuxaxa1?k ;X  A Competitors  '4 Hs1? @g :  (4 <@{1?`$ l,The Firm s Environment$( )4 ZL}1?N f2-*H 4 0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(at #"  <( 0Ff@Ff <d < <1?``d < <1?` < 3 r\xaxa1 ?    < 3 rxaxa1 ?   < Z1?N f2-*H < 0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a 6 ( !! l  C L   l  C     Z1?N f2-*T  <W2}d޽h ? XVEZ(a % 0$$L5( $# Ld L <1?``d L <1?` L ZFxaxa1?~\ G A Value Chain,XB L 01?PdlPXB L 01?@dl@XB L 01?T``< L s BqC DE F1?p@ @PpA  L s BqC DE F1?p@ @PAXB  L@ 01? \ XB  L 01?dXB  L 01?d XB  L 01?pd\p^B L 68c?8^B L 68c?8^B L 68c? 8^B L 68c?8 L ZNxaxa1?Al  GFirm Infrastructure L Z Sxaxa1?  MHuman resource management L ZVxaxa1?5J^S JTechnology development L ZZxaxa1?1w  ? Procurement   L ZP^xaxa1?4 n  GInbound logistics L Z_xaxa1?4  ,  @ Operations   L Zhfxaxa1?4   HOutbound logistics L ZDixaxa1? |  IMarketing and sales L Zjxaxa1?5 M-  =Service L  `?,pxaxa1?Oq :Margin L  `(sxaxa1? 4  :Margin L Tvxaxa1?04 HSupport Activities L Z4{xaxa1?  HPrimary Activities^B L 61?T\^B  L 61? ^B !L 61?0|0^B "L 61?0\0 #L Z1?N f2-* $L Z$1?A TSource : Michael E. PorterH L 0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a &" ? 7 @T (  Td T <1?``d T <1?`d T <G @E1?t d T <G @~1?d< d T <G @1?4, d T <G @E1?t< d T <G @~1? < d  T <G @1?4T | d  T <G @E1?DDl d  T <G @~1?  d  T <G @1?l   T Z@xaxa1?_? gI  JChannel value chains T Z@xaxa1?_:lI  KSupplier value chains T Zxaxa1?_DI  HBuyer value chainsd T <G @1?4 \ < d T <G @1?<  T Zܜxaxa1?_j I  FFirm value chain T Z xaxa1?db] HA Value System, T Z̥1?N f2-* T Z|1?A TSource : Michael E. PorterH T 0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(az $  0D(  Dd D <1?``d D <1?` D C xxaxa1 ?    D 3 rxaxa1 ?P   D Z1?N f2-*H D 0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a' '" P$$\O(  \d \ <1?``d \ <1?` \ C xxaxa1 ?   ^ \ 6i1? \ Z@xaxa1?'l P Facilities* XB \ 01?ppXB \ 01?^2  \ 61?t, ^  \ 61?p^2  \ 61?tXB  \ 01?ppXB  \ 01?^2 \ 61?$|, ^ \ 61?@ p^2 \ 61?$|XB \ 01?  XB \ 01?D \ Z$xaxa1? <Software  \ ZTxaxa1? >Database  ^ \ 61?4 L  \ Zxaxa1?(c  F >Hardware  ^2 \ 61? ^2 \ 61?D $<\^2 \ 61? d  LdB \ <1?, dB \ <1?T dB \ <1?4   dB \@ <1? dB \ <1? \ ldB \ <1?  dB  \@ <1?  T !\ Zxaxa1?    cInformation Specialists0   "\ Z<xaxa1?" _ % ;Users #\ Zxaxa1? u  A Information   $\ ZȬ1?, f2-*H \ 0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a (" pd(  dd d <1?``d d <1?` d C x\xaxa1 ?    d C xxaxa1 ?   d Z1?N f2-*H d 0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a ) l(  ld l <1?``d l <1?` l C xxaxa1 ?    l C xxxaxa1 ?   l Z1?N f2-*H l 0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a 7 (  l  C l   l  C (    Z1?N f2-*T  <W2}d޽h ? XVEZ(a  + K C | (  |d | <1?``d | <1?`dB | <8c?s Oqs dB | <8c?  dB | <8c?  dB | <8c?  dB | <8c?HdB  | <8c?4 h8dB  | <8c?k dB  | <8c?: dB  | <8c? q dB  | <8c? O  | Zxaxa1?P ^,Strategic planning for information resources-- | Tļxaxa1?  \*Strategic planning for marketing resources++ | Zxaxa1? >{  a/Strategic planning for manufacturing resources00 | Txaxa1? E  Y'Strategic planning for human resources(( | T(xaxa1?1O  ]+Strategic planning for financial resources,, | Nxaxa1?1O JThe Functional Areas Should Cooperate in Developing Their Strategic PlansKK( | Z1?N f2-*H | 0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a  -" . &  (    d  <1?``d  <1?`  C xVxaxa1 ?   ^  61?l^  61?   ZWxaxa1?  POrganizational strategy set  Zdxaxa1?   DMIS strategy set    Z\xaxa1?N: IMission Objectives Strategy Other strategic organizational attributesJJ   Tlaxaxa1?1  u?System objectives System constraints System design strategies@@d   <G/*1?t     Zexaxa1? I r VMIS strategic planning process   Zi1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a 8 x(  l  C q   l  C tr    Zu1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? XVEZ(a , 0(  d  <1?``d  <1?`  C xHxaxa1 ?     C xxaxa1 ?    Zt1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(aV  ."   P~ (  d  <1?``d  <1?`  Zxaxa1?@` g-Strategic Planning for Information Resources..,^  61?4dl^  61?d|d  <1?FF% Ld  <1?    Z xaxa1? NX  JBusiness strategy   Zdxaxa1?7z  ]%Information resources and IS strategy&&d   <G/*1? L d   <1? 2 d  @ <G/*1?    Z$xaxa1?  UInfluence on Business Strategy    Z$xaxa1?1 R  Y#Influence on Information Resources$$  Z1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a 9 ~vp%&(   l  C Э   |  T1?p   Zد1?p p x \*Strategic Plan for Information Resources++|  T1?  |  T1?p |  T1?  |  T1?p |   T1?  v   N31?0 pv   N31?0 ppv   N31?0 pv   N31?0 ppv  N31?0  p|B  TD1?p p |B  TD1?@p @@|B  TD1?@@@|B  TD1?@  |B @ TD1?@p @|B  TD1?@|B  TD1?@  |B  TD1? 0 |B  TD1?  0 |B  TD1? p p 0 |B  TD1?  0 |B  TD1? @@0   TH1?z   I AIS Objectives  T`1?zp  I MIS Objectives  T1?z  I DSS Objectives  T81?$p  T Virtual Office Objectives  T1?A   g# Knowledge-based systems Objectives($" ! T1?/ p XRequired Information Resources " TP1?/ pp XRequired Information Resources # T1?0 q XRequired Information Resources $ T1?/ pp XRequired Information Resources % Tt1?/  p XRequired Information Resources & ZH1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? XVEZ(a /" (   d  <1?``d  <1?`  C xxaxa1 ?     C xDxaxa1 ?    Z1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a 0 ( ;i d  <1?``d  <1?`  C xtB?xaxa1 ?  ?   C xD?xaxa1 ? ?   ZH?1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a : x( l! l  C X   l  C     ZTS?1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? XVEZ(a 1 D<(   d  <1?``d  <1?`  C x\b?xaxa1 ?  ?   C x6(   d  <1?``d  <1?`  3 rq?xaxa1 ?Pl  ?   C xq?xaxa1 ?<$ 0 ?   Zdu?1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a 3 UM0(      `v @1))?Dd  <1?pd  <1? 0  Zn?xaxa1?v# n*The firm s executives(  T?xaxa1?ao ;CIO  S ~Ă?xaxa 31f11?#  VOther executives*d  <1?``   C x @1))?R #   C x @1))? p    T?xaxa1?   l Central computing resources0!    TP?xaxa1?   iDisbursed computing resources0   C x @1))?R #  ZT?xaxa1?Jh DFUNCTIONAL AREAS  T?xaxa1?N  p$Users engaged in end-user computing0%$  T0?xaxa1?  E Other users  ^B  61?N  Z|?xaxa1?pm LENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES  ZD?xaxa1?h_ EInternal influences  Z?xaxa1?  \*Firm s strategic plan  T?xaxa1?   IINFORMATION RESOURCES  Zh?xaxa1?  HDATA AND INFORMATION  T?xaxa1?' G The IRM Model,  Z  ? Marketing   ZH?xaxa1?TL  =Finance  T?xaxa1?QA OThe environment of the firm   Z?1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? 3eX{IZ(a ; xP( H d!  l  C ?  ? l  C ? ?   Z?1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? XVEZ(a < p( . r  S ?  ? r  S ? ?   Z ?1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? XVEZ(a = (  r  S ?  ? r  S `? ?   Z?1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? XVEZ(a > (  r  S t?  ? r  S $? ?   Zt1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? XVEZ(a ? (  r  S $?  ? r  S |? ?   Z,1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? XVEZ(a @ x(  l  C h   l  C $     Z1? f2-*H  0޽h ? XVEZ(a A (  r  S     r  S      Z<1?N f2-*H  0޽h ? XVEZ(a" 0 P(0(  (H ( 0޽h ? ̙33% 0 80(  8H 8 0޽h ? ̙33& 0 @0(  @H @ 0޽h ? ̙33' 0 @H0(  f HH H 0޽h ? ̙33( 0 P0(  PH P 0޽h ? ̙33) 0  X0(  XH X 0޽h ? ̙33* 0 ``0( 1 `H ` 0޽h ? ̙33+ 0 h0(  hH h 0޽h ? ̙33, 0 p0(  @ pH p 0޽h ? ̙33. 0 0( ? H  0޽h ? ̙33/ 0 @0(  `( H  0޽h ? ̙330 0 0(  H  0޽h ? ̙331 0 `0(  H  0޽h ? ̙332 0 0( w2@ H  0޽h ? ̙333 0 0(  H  0޽h ? ̙334 0 0( 1 H  0޽h ? ̙335 0  0(  H  0޽h ? ̙336 0 @0(  H  0޽h ? ̙33# 0 (  X  C       S H @    H  0޽h ? a($ 0 (  X  C       S ; @    H  0޽h ? a(7 0  (   X   C        S  @    H   0޽h ? a(8 0 (  X  C       S  @    H  0޽h ? a(@ 0  (  X  C       S 0 @    H  0޽h ? a(9 0 (  X  C       S 0 @    H  0޽h ? a(: 0 (  X  C     ?  S R? @  ?  H  0޽h ? a(; 0 ` (   X   C     ?   S  ? @  ?  H   0޽h ? a(< 0 $(  $X $ C     ? $ S |? @  ?  H $ 0޽h ? a(= 0 ((  (X ( C     ? ( S  0 ,(  ,X , C     ? , S T @  ?  H , 0޽h ? a(? 0 0(  0X 0 C      0 S  @    H 0 0޽h ? a(A 0 4(  4X 4 C      4 S  @    H 4 0޽h ? a(B 0  8(  8X 8 C      8 S  @    H 8 0޽h ? a(r$0nAD6UDXKHN8Q2jVqؙa ,p 2:;;<=>?s@[At0CB+CDDEFGHIn%(+.{1T_477kJ?LNOQScU7W YZ\^[`/b"dOh+'08D \h     Chapter 2 hap George Schell and Roger McHaneyeoreorCC:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Templates\Blank Presentation.potMahmoud Youssef44mMicrosoft PowerPoint 4.0t O@%cF@@hߥ@(ƻ@ u{%!Gb;  ) ?&@ &&#TNPP2OMiD & TNPP &&TNPP   @ &@&--W2- $ $W3- $ $ X4- $  (( $((00X5- $0088Y6- $88@@Y7- $@@HHZ8- $HHPPZ9- $PPXX[9- $XX``[;- $``hh\<- $hhpp]=- $ppxx^>- $xx^?- $_A- $`B- $aD- $bE- $cG- $dH- $eJ- $fL- $gM- $hO- $iP- $kR- $lT- $mV- $nW- $oY- $q[- $r\- $s^- $  t_- $  ((ua- $((00vb- $0088xd- $88@@yf- $@@HHzg- $HHPP{i- $PPXX|j- $XX``}k- $``hh~l- $hhppn- $ppxxo- $xxp- $q- $r- $s- $t- $u- $u- $v- $w- $ $x- $ $y- $ $z- $z- ${- $ ${- $|- $   $  (( $((00 $0088}- $88@@---&&&&--4 :----4 ----.:--w@ P؟ww wuf-- @Times New Roman؟ww wuf-- .2  Chapter 2=/,/&'+.--Fs-- @Times New Roman؟ww wuf-- .32 pUsing Information Technology        . .32 oUsing Information Technology        . .-2 for Competitive Advantage     . .-2 for Competitive Advantage     .--<$ -- @Times New Roman؟ww wuf-- .+2 4Copyright 2001, Prentice. . 2 4-. .2 4 Hall, Inc. .--H6-- @Times New Roman؟ww wuf-- .:2 h="MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E  . .?2 {%Raymond McLeod, Jr. and George Schell        .--% -- @Times New Roman؟ww wuf-- . 2 2. . 2 -. . 2 1.-- "System-uf- !D-&TNPP &t՜.+,0    ROn-screen ShowKansas State UniversitySe;   %Times New RomanMonotype SortsImpactArial PrenticeHall Chapter 2What is a Firm?Importance of EnvironmentPowerPoint Presentation;The Firm Is Connected to Its Environment by Resource FlowsCompetitive AdvantagePowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationThe Information ResourcesThe Information Resources-The Information Resource Manager -- the CIO The CIO AttitudeStrategic PlanningPowerPoint PresentationStrategy Set Transformation(Strategy Set Transformation: Basic FlawSPIRPowerPoint Presentation3Strategic Plan Framework for Information Resources7The Strategic Implications of End-User Computing (EUC) EUC Risks0Information Resources Management (IRM) ConceptIRM - Required Elements!IRM-Required Ingredients (cont.)PowerPoint PresentationIRM Model: Firm EnvironmentIRM Model: Firms ExecutivesIRM Model: Business Areas!IRM Model: Information ResourcesIRM Model: UsersSummarySummary [cont.]  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles '_/eMahmoud YoussefMahmoud Youssef  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)Current UserSummaryInformation(hPowerPoint Document(SeDocumentSummaryInformation8